Thermowell materials for various average applications are listed in the following table. The list has been carefully prepared and takes into consideration such factors as contamination, electrolysis, catalytic reaction and other variables. Standard materials are recommended wherever possible. Service may vary, however, in industrial use as a result of temperature, pressure, concentration and impurities in the corrosive medium.

While the recommendations cannot guarantee service, they will serve as an effective guide. Thermo Sensors Corporation can provide consultation for special applications upon request.

Industry

Application

Conditions

Material

Cement and Lime

Kiln

Hot End (Clinker)

Cool End (Flue)

Clinker Cooler

Exit Flue

To 2600 °F

600-2000 °F

to 1200 °F

C30 Ceramic

28% Chrome Iron – Inconel 601

Cerampak – 28% Chrome Iron – Inconel 601

Inconel 601, 28% Chrome Iron – Silicon Carbide, Silicon Nitride

Ceramic

Dryers

Kilns – Brick

Vitreous Enameling

Grinding Wheels

Abrasive Grits

Porcelain Pottery

1800-2200 °F

1600-2000 °F

to 500 °F

to 2300 °F

2000-2400 °F

Carbon Steel – Silicon Carbide – Silicon Nitride – Wrought Iron

C30 Ceramic – Inconel 600 – Silicon Carbide – Silicon Nitride

Inconel 600 – Firebrick – 28 % Chrome Iron – Silicon Carbide – Silicon Nitride

Wrought Iron

C30 Ceramic

Chemical

Acetate Solvents

Acetic Acid

Acetic Anhydride Acetone

Acetone

Acetylene

Alcohol Ethyl

Alcohol Methyl

&nbsp

Aluminum

Aluminum Acetate

Aluminum Chloride

Aluminum Sulphate

Ammonia

Ammonia Hydroxide

Ammonia Liquors

Ammonia Phosphate

(Dibasic)

(Monobasic)

(Tribasic)

Ammonium Chloride

Ammonium Nitrate

Ammonium Sulphate

Amylacetate

Aniline

Asphalt

Barium Carbonate

Barium Chloride

Barium Hydroxide

Benzaldehyde

Benzene

Benzine

Benzol

Boracic Acid

Brines

Bromine

Butadiene

Butane

Buthlacetate

Butyl Alcohol

Butylenes

Butyric Acid

Calcium Bisulfite

Calcium Chlorate

Calcium Hydroxide

Carbolic Acid

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Tetrachloride

Chlorex Caustic

Chlorine Gas

Chromic Acid

Citric Acid

Coal Tar

Coke Oven Gas

Copper Nitrate

Copper Sulphate

Core Oils

Cottonseed Oil

Creosols

Creosote Crude

Cyanogen Gas

Detergents

Dowtherm

Epsom Salts

Ether

Ethyl Acetate

Ethyl Chloride

Ethyl Sulphate

Ethylene Glycol

Ferric Chloride

Ferric Sulphate

Ferrous Sulphate

Fluorine (Anhydrous)

Formaldehyde

Formic Acid

Freon

Furfural

Gallic Acid

Gasoline

Glucose

Glue

Glycerine

Glycerol

Hydrobromic Acid

Hydrochloric Acid

Hydrocyanic Acid

Hydrofluogilicic Acid

Hydrofluoric Acid

Hydrogen Chloride

Hydrogen Fluoride

Hydrogen Peroxide

Hydrogen Sulphide

Iodine

Kerosene

Lactic Acid

Lacquer

Latex

Lime Sulphur

Linseed Oil

Magnesium Chloride

Magnesium Hydroxide
(or Oxide)

Magnesium Sulphate

Malic Acid

Mercuric Chloride

Mercury

Methane

Methyl Chloride

Methylene Chloride

Milk

Mixed Acids (Sulphuric & Nitric)

Molasses

Muriatic Acid

Naphtha

Natural Gas

Neon

Nickel Chloride

Nickel Sulphate

Nitric Acid

Nitrobenzene

Oleic Acid

Oleum

Oxalic Acid

Oxygen

Palmitic Acid

Pentane

Petroleum Ether

Phenol

Phosphoric Acid

Photographic Bleaching

Picric Acid

Potassium Bromide

Potassium Carbonate

Potassium Chlorate

Potassium Chloride

Potassium Hydroxide

Potassium Nitrate

Potassium Permanganate

Potassium Sulphate

Potassium Sulphide

Propane

Pyrogallic Acid

Quinine Bisulphate

Quinine Sulphate

Resin

Rosin

Sea Water

Sal Ammoniac

Salicylic Acid

Shellac

Soap and Detergents

Sodium Bicarbonate

Sodium Bisulphate

Sodium Bisulphite

Sodium Carbonate

Sodium Chloride

Sodium Chromate

Sodium Cyanide

Sodium Fluoride

Sodium Hydroxide

Sodium Hypochlorite

Sodium Nitrate

Sodium Peroxide

Sodium Phosphate

Sodium Silicate

Sodium Sulphate

Sodium Sulphide

Sodium Sulphite

Sodium Thiosulphate

Steam

Stearic Acid

Sulphur Dioxide

Sulphur

Sulphur Chloride

Sulphur Trioxide

Sulphuric Acid

Sulphurous Acid

Tannic Acid

Tartaric Acid

Tin

Titanium Tetrachloride

Toluene

Trichloracetic Acid

Trichloroethylene

Turpentine

Varnish

Vegetable Oil

Vinegar

Water-Acid

Water Distilled (Condensate)

Water

Whiskey & Wine

Xylene

Zinc Chloride

Zinc

Zinc Sulphate

Crude or Pure

10%-70 °F

50%-70 °F

50%-212 °F

99%-70 °F

99%-212 °F

212 °F

70 °F

212 °F

70 °F

212 °F

Molten

Saturated

10%-70 °F

Saturated 70 °F

10%-212 °F

Saturated 212 °F

All Concentrations 70 °F

All Concentrations 212 °F

All Concentrations 70 °F

All Concentrations 212 °F

5%-70 °F

10%-212 °F

Saturated 212 °F

All Concentrations 70 °F

70 °F

5%-70 °F

Saturated 70 °F

Aqueous – Hot

70 °F

Hot

5% Hot or Cold

70 °F

Dry 125 °F

70°F

5%-70 °F

5%-150 °F

Boiling

70 °F

Dilute 70 °F

Dilute 150 °F

10%-212 °F

20%-212 °F

50%-212 °F

All-212 °F

Dry

Wet

10%-70 °F

Dry 70 °F

Moist 70 °F

Moist 212 °F

5%-70 °F

10%-212 °F

50%-212 °F

15%-70 °F

15%-212 °F

Concentrated 212 °F

Hot

Hot and Cold

70 °F

Dry to 500 °F

70 °F

1%-70 °F

5%-70 °F

5%-Boiling

5%-70 °F

Dilute 70 °F

100 °F

5% 70 °F

5%-150 °F

450 °F

5%-70 °F

5%-150 °F

70 °F

Ph 6-8

70 °F

48%-212 °F

1%-70 °F

1%-212 °F

5%-70 °F

5%-212 °F

25%-70 °F

25%-212 °F

40%-212 °F

Dry 500 °F

Dry 175 °F

70 °F

212 °F

Wet and Dry

70 °F

5%-70 °F

5%-150 °F

10%-212 °F

70 °F

5%-70 °F

5%-212 °F

All-75%

Hot & Cold

10%-75 °F

100%-700 °F

70 °F

Dry 75 °F

All-212 °F

All

70 °F

Hot & Cold

5%-70 °F

20%-70 °F

50%-70 °F

50%-212 °F

65%-212 °F

Concentrated 70 °F

Concentrated 212 °F

70 °F

5%-Hot & Cold

10%-212 °F

70 °F

Liquid Oxygen

Elevated Temperatures

1 %-70 °F

5%-70 °F

10%-70 °F

10%-212 °F

30%-70 °F

30%-212 °F

85%-70 °F

85%-212 °F

All-100 °F

70 °F

1%-70 °F

70 °F

5%-70 °F

5%-212 °F

5%-70 °F

25%-212 °F

50%-212 °F

5%-70 °F

5%-212 °F

5%-70 °F

5%-212 °F

70 °F

Dry

Molten

70 °F

All Concentrations 70 °F

5%-150 °F

20%-212 °F

5%-70 °F

5%-150 °F

40%-212 °F

5%-70 °F

5%-150 °F

30%-300 °F

Saturated 70 °F

Saturated 212 °F

All 212 °F

5%-70 °F

5% Still

10%-75 °F

Fused

70 °F

150 °F

All 212 °F

Moist Gas – 70 °F

Gas – 575 °F

Dry – Molten

Wet

Dry 75 °F

Dry 500 °F

5%-70 °F

5%-212 °F

10%-70 °F

10%-212 °F

50%-70 °F

50%-212 °F

90% 70 °F

90%-212 °F

Fuming 175 °F

20%-75 °F

70 °F 5% -10%

40%-70 °F

70 °F

150 °F

Molten

All 75 °F

70 °F

Dry 300 °F

Fresh

Salt

Molten

5%-70 °F

Saturated 70 °F

25%-212 °F

Monel – Nickel

304 Stainless Steel

316 Stainless Steel – Monel

Monel

Monel – Nickel

304 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel – Monel – Nickel

304 Stainless Steel

Cast Iron

304 Stainless Steel

Hastelloy B

304 Stainless Steel

316 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel – 316 Stainless Steel

2024-T4 Aluminum – 304 Stainless Steel – 316 Stainless Steel

Monel

Phosphor Bronze

Monel

316 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel

316 Stainless Steel

Monel – 304 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel – Monel

C1018 Steel – 304 Stainless Steel – Monel – Nickel

304 Stainless Steel

Monel

Monel – Hastelloy C

316 Stainless Steel – Hastelloy C

C1018 Steel

304 Stainless Steel

C1018 Steel – 2024-T4 Aluminum – Monel – Inconel 600

304 Stainless Steel

Monel

Tantalum Sleeved

Monel

Brass – 304 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel

Monel

Copper – 304 Stainless Steel

C1018 Steel – Phosphor Bronze

304 Stainless Steel

Hastelloy C

316 Stainless Steel – Hastelloy C

304 Stainless Steel

316 Stainless Steel

316 Stainless Steel – Hastelloy C

316 Stainless Steel

C1018 Steel – 2024-T4 Aluminum – Monel – Brass

304 Stainless Steel – Monel – Nickel

Monel

316 Stainless Steel

Hastelloy C

304 Stainless Steel

316 Stainless Steel – Hastelloy C

304 Stainless Steel

316 Stainless Steel – Hastelloy C

304 Stainless Steel

2024-T4 Aluminum

304 Stainless Steel – 316 Stainless Steel

316 Stainless Steel

C1018 Steel – 304 Stainless Steel – Monel – Nickel

304 Stainless Steel

C1018 Steel – 304 Stainless Steel – Monel – Nickel

304 Stainless Steel

C1018 Steel

304 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel – Monel

304 Stainless Steel

C1018 Steel

Monel

C1018 Steel – 304 Stainless Steel

316 Stainless Steel

Tantalum Sleeved

Tantalum Sleeved – Hastelloy C

304 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel – 316 Stainless Steel

316 Stainless Steel

C1018 Steel

316 Stainless Steel

Monel

C1018 Steel – 304 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel

C1018 Steel – 2024-T4 Aluminum – 304 Stainless
Steel – Monel – Nickel

304 Stainless Steel – Brass

Hastelloy C – Hastelloy B

Hastelloy C

Hastelloy B

Hastelloy C

Hastelloy B

304 Stainless Steel

Monel

Hastelloy C

304 Stainless Steel

C1018 Steel

304 Stainless Steel – 316 Stainless Steel

316 Stainless Steel

Tantalum Sleeved

C1018 Steel – 304 Stainless steel

304 Stainless Steel

316 Stainless Steel

Tantalum Sleeved

304 Stainless Steel – 316 Stainless Steel

C1018 Steel

C1018 Steel-304 Stainless Steel-316 Stainless Steel-Monel

C1018 Steel – 304 Stainless Steel

Monel

Nickel

304 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel – Monel

316 Stainless Steel

Hastelloy C

C1018 Steel

304 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel – Nickel

Carpenter #20

304 Stainless Steel – Monel – Nickel

Tantalum Sleeved

304 Stainless Steel

316 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel

Tantalum Sleeved

304 Stainless Steel

316 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel

Monel

C1018 Steel

304 Stainiess Steel

304 Stainless Steel

316 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel – 316 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel

316 Stainless Steel

Hastelloy C

Hastelloy B

304 Stainless Steel

316 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel

316 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel

C1018 Steel – 304 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel

316 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel – 316 Stainless Steel

Monel

Nickel

304 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel – 316 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel

316 Stainless Steel

Monel

316 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel

Monel

304 Stainless Steel – 316 Stainless Steel

316 Stainless Steel

Hastelloy C

316 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel

C1018 Steel

304 Stainless Steel – 316 Stainless Steel

316 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel – 316 Stainless Steel

316 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel

316 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel – 316 Stainless Steel

Hastelloy B – Carpenter #20

Hastelloy B

Hastelloy B – Carpenter #20

Hastelloy C

316 Stainless Steel

304 Stainless Steel

Hastelloy B

304 Stainless Steel

316 Stainless Steel

Cast Iron

316 Stainless Steel

C1018 Steel – Phosphor Bronze – Monel

Hastelloy B

C1018 Steel

Monel

304 Stainless Steel – 316 Stainless Steel

C1018 Steel – 304 Stainless Steel

C1018 Steel – 304 Stainless Steel – Monel

304 Stainless Steel

Brass – C1018 Steel – 304 Stainless Steel – Monel

Copper – C1018 Steel – 304 Stainless Steel – Monel – Brass

2024-T4 Aluminum – Phosphor Bronze – Brass – Monel

304 Stainless Steel – Nickel

Copper

Monel – Hastelloy B

Cast Iron

304 Stainless Steel

316 Stainless Steel

Food

Baking Ovens

Char Retort, Sugar

Vegetables and Fruit

400-900 °F

500-700 °F

200-300 °F

Wrought Iron – Bare Thermocouple

Wrought Iron

304 Stainless Steel

Gas

Producer gas

Water gas

Carburetor

Superheater

Tar stills

28% Chrome Iron – Inconel 601

Inconel 600 – 28% Chrome Iron

C1018 Steel

Glass

Melting tank

Roof & Wall

Flues and Checkers

Forehearth and Feeder

Lehr

Open Hearth Roof

to 2400 °F

to 1800 °F

to 2200 °F

300-500 °F

C30 Ceramic

Inconel 600 – 28% Chrome Iron – Wrought Iron

Bare Platinum Thremocouple

Wrought Iron

LT-1

Heat Treatine

Annealing

Hardening

Open Fired or Electric Heated

H. S. Tool Steel

Salt Baths

Neutral

High Speed

Lead Pot

Cyanide Pot

Lavite Pot

Carburizing

Gas

Cyanide Pot

Nitriding

Quench Oil

to 1200 °F

1300-2000 °F

to 1500 °F

to 2000 °F

to 2400 °F

to 2350 °F

to 2000 °F

to 2350 °F

to 2000 °F

1750 °F

2350 °F

2400 °F

to 2000 °F

to 1000 °F

900 °F

Wrought Iron

Inconel 600 – Inconel 601 – 28% Chrome Iron (for sulphur atmospheres)

Wrought Iron

Inconel 600 – 28% Chrome Iron

C30 Ceramic

Inconel 600 – Nickel

28% Chrome Iron

C30 Ceramic

28% Chrome Iron

Inconel 600 – Nickel

Nickel

Inconel 600 – 28% Chrome Iron

Inconel 601 – 28% Chrome Iron

Nickel

28% Chrome Iron

Wrought Iron

Iron and Steel

Blast Furnace

Down Comer

Stove Dome

Stock Trunk

Stove Outlet Flue

Hot Blast Main

Open Hearth

Flues and Stack

Checkers

Waste Head Boilers

Soaking Pits

Billet and Slab Furnace

Forging Furnace

Annealing

Bright Annealing

Batch

Continuous

Pickling

Galvanizing

Tinning

Tin Pot

Palm Oil

Vacuum Melting (Induction Melting)

1800-2300 °F

900-1600 °F

to 1800 °F

to 2200 °F

to 1600 °F

2000 °F

Over 2000 °F

2000 °F

Over 2000 °F

2000-2400 °F

to 3200 °F

Inconel 601 – 28% Chrome Iron – Silicon Carbide – Silicon Nitride

Silicon Carbide – Silicon Nitride

Inconel 600

Wrought Iron

Inconel 601 – 28% Chrome Iron

Inconel 601 – 28% Chrome Iron – LT-1

Inconel 601 – LT-1

Inconel 601 – 28% Chrome Iron

Inconel 601 – 28% Chrome Iron – Silicon Carbide – Silicon Nitride

Silicon Carbide – C30 Ceramic – Silicon Nitride

Inconel 601 – 28% Chrome Iron

Silicon Carbide – C30 Ceramic – Silicon Nitride

Inconel 600 – Inconel 601 or 28% Chrome Iron (for sulphur atmospheres)

Inconel 600

C30 Ceramic – Silicon Carbide – Silicon Nitride

Lead Sheath – Silicon Carbide – Silicon Nitride

XH Seamless Steel – Silicon Carbide – Silicon Nitride

Seamless Steel – 28% Chrome Iron – Silicon Carbide – Silicon Nitride

304 Stainless Steel

C98 Ceramic

Nonferrous Metals

Aluminum

Melting Pot

Pouring Ladles

Furnaces

Heat Treating

Die Casting

Magnesium

Melt

Die Casting

Ladle

Lead

Pots

Brass

Ladle

Billet and Forging

Anneal

Copper

Molten

Smelting & Ore Roasters

Tin

Pot

Zinc

Die Casting

1300 to 1400 °F

950 °F

800-1300 °F

1000 °F

1500 °F

500 °F

800 °F

Cast Iron (Washed) – Silicon Carbide – Silicon Nitride

Open end thermocouple assemblies

304 Stainless Steel Cerampak

Wrought Iron – 304 Stainless Steel Cerampak

Cast Iron – Wrought Iron – Silicon Carbide

Wrought Iron

28% Chrome Iron – Silicon Carbide – Silicon Nitride

LT-1 – Silicon Carbide – Silicon Nitride – Immersion T/C

Inconel 601 – 28% Chrome Iron

Wrought Iron – 304 Stainless Steel Cerampak

Silicon Nitride- LT-1

Inconel 601 – 28% Chrome Iron – C30 Ceramic – Silicon Carbide – Silicon Nitride

XH Seamless Steel – Silicon Carbide – Silicon Nitride

Paper

Digesters

Sulphur Burners

220-300 °F

900-1400 °F

316 Stainless Steel – Tantalum Sleeved

Inconel 601 – 28% Chrome Iron – LT-1

Petroleum

Cracking Lines

Dewaxing

Fractionating Column Top Tower

Reaction Chamber

Tube Still Inlet

Tube Still Bridge Wall

950 °F

minus 20 °F

150-500 °F

850-890 °F

575-700 °F

1500-2200 °F

304 Stainless Steel

Inconel 600

Power and Heat

Fire Box

Flue gas

Preheaters

Steam lines

Powdered coal air

Diesel engine exhaust

Water lines

1800-2200 °F

450-1000 °F

200-500 °F

300-950 °F

500 °F

600 °F

Inconel 600

304 Stainless Steel Cerampak

Wrought Iron – 28% Chrome Iron

Wrought Iron – 304 Stainless Steel Cerampak

304 Stainless Steel

C1018 Carbon Steel

Smelting and Refining

Roasting Sulphur Ores

Zinc Retort Preheater

Zinc Spelter

700-1900 °F

1300-2400 °F

700-900 °F

28% Chrome Iron – Inconel 601

C30 Ceramic

28% Chrome Iron

Misc.

Asphalt mixing

Incinerator

to 2000 °F

over 2000 °F

Wrought Iron – Sand Thermocouple

Inconel 601 – 28% Chrome Iron

C30 Ceramic – SiIicon Carbide – SiIicon Nitride

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